Gahunda yo gutura ku midugudu, izwi nka “Imidugudu”, ni imwe mu gahunda z’imiturire zagize uruhare rukomeye mu kuvugurura imiterere y’imiturire yo mu cyaro cy’u Rwanda nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.
Akarere ka Ngoma, kari mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Kibungo, kari mu duce tw’u Rwanda iyi gahunda yashyizwe mu bikorwa hakiri kare kandi ku buryo bwagutse. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Dorothea Hilhorst na Mathijs van Leeuwen mu myaka ya 1998 na 1999 bugaragaza ko Kibungo yari ku isonga mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda y’Imidugudu.
Iyo nyandiko igaragaza ko mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994, igice kinini cy’abaturage b’i Kibungo cyahunze Igihugu. Mu bantu bagera ku 600,000 bari batuye muri Perefegitura ya Kibungo, abagera ku 200,000 ni bo bari basigaye. Nyuma ya Jenoside, Kibungo yakiriye umubare munini w’Abanyarwanda bari barahunze, aho abantu bagera kuri 519,000 bagarutse hagati ya 1994 na 1997.
Uku kugaruka kw’abaturage benshi byatumye ikibazo cy’imiturire kiba ingorabahizi. Abantu benshi bari bagarutse basanze amazu yabo yarasenyutse cyangwa yaratuwemo n’abandi, bityo habaho ikibazo gikomeye cyo kubona aho abantu batura.
Ubushakashatsi bwa Hilhorst na van Leeuwen bugaragaza ko nyuma ya Jenoside, Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yatangiye gutegura ahantu ho gutuza abaturage, ku bufatanye n’imiryango mpuzamahanga. Mu 1996, gahunda nini zo kubaka amazu mu midugudu zaratangiye muri Kibungo, ndetse hagati mu 1997 ibikorwa byo kubaka byari bikomeje ahantu hafi 40.
Muri Kanzenze, imwe mu duce twakoreweho ubushakashatsi, gutoranya abaturage bagombaga gutura mu mudugudu wa Mayange byatangiye muri Nyakanga 1995, mu gihe kubaka byatangiye mu ntangiriro za 1996. Ibi bigaragaza ko ibikorwa byo gutuza abaturage mu midugudu muri ako gace byari byaratangiye mbere y’uko gahunda ishyirwa mu bikorwa ku rugero runini mu Gihugu.
Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko Imidugudu yavutse mu gihe u Rwanda rwari ruhanganye n’ikibazo gikomeye cy’imiturire cyatewe n’ihungabana ryakurikiye Jenoside, ndetse no gutahuka kw’abaturage benshi.
Mu 1997, umubare w’imiryango yari ikeneye amazu wagereranijwe hagati ya 250,000 na 300,000. Abenshi bari batuye mu buryo bw’agateganyo, abandi bakaba barasubijwe mu miturire y’abari baravuye mu Gihugu. Gahunda y’Imidugudu rero yabaye igisubizo cyihutirwa ku kibazo cy’imiturire, ariko iza no kugira intego ndende zo kuvugurura imikoreshereze y’ubutaka n’imiturire yo mu cyaro.
Mu mpera za 1996, Inama y’Abaminisitiri yafashe icyemezo cy’uko abaturage bo mu cyaro bagomba guhurizwa mu midugudu. Intego yari ugutandukanya ahagenewe guturwa n’ubutaka bugenewe ubuhinzi n’ubworozi, bityo ubutaka bugakoreshwa neza.
Hari kandi izindi mpamvu zagaragajwe na Guverinoma, zirimo koroshya kugeza serivisi ku baturage, guteza imbere umutekano no gufasha mu bumwe n’ubwiyunge. Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko gutura hamwe byafatwaga nk’uburyo bwo koroshya kubaka imihanda, amashuri, amavuriro n’izindi serivisi, ndetse no kurinda abaturage kurusha uko byari kugenda mu miturire y’akajagari.
Mu gihe gahunda yatangiraga gukwira mu Gihugu, Kibungo yari yarabaye hamwe mu hantu yashyizwe mu bikorwa ku buryo bwihuse.
Inyandiko ya Wageningen ivuga ko ubuyobozi bwa Kibungo ari bwo bwari bufite uruhare runini mu kubaka imidugudu, kurusha imiryango itari iya Leta. Mu ntangiriro za 1999, abarenga 80% by’abaturage b’i Kibungo bari bamaze gutura mu midugudu.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwagiye kureba n’ahandi mu Rwanda, ariko bwibanda by’umwihariko kuri Kibungo ndetse na Kanzenze na Gisenyi, kugira ngo harebwe uko gahunda yashyirwaga mu bikorwa ku rwego rw’ibanze.
Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Ngoma wungirije ushinzwe iterambere ry’ubukungu, Mapambano Nyiridandi Cyriaque, avuga ko amateka y’imiturire y’abaturage bo muri aka karere agaragaza ko gutura mu midugudu byagize uruhare mu gutuma abaturage babasha gutura ahateguwe.
Yagize ati: “Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko dutuye neza mu midugudu. Icyo navuga ni uko buriya imidugudu yahereye hano mu Karere ka Ngoma, ku buryo iyo urebye abaturage bacu batuye neza kandi mu midugudu, batuye ku mihanda.”
Kuba Akarere ka Ngoma kari mu turere twagize uruhare rukomeye mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’iyi gahunda bigaragara no mu nyandiko y’ubushakashatsi yakozwe mu mpera za 1990. Iyo nyandiko ivuga ko Kibungo yari “ku mutima wa gahunda y’igihugu yo gutura ku midugudu”, kandi ko nta yindi politiki yari ifite umwanya ukomeye muri Perefegitura ya Kibungo nk’iyi gahunda.
Abashakashatsi Hilhorst na van Leeuwen bavuga ko Imidugudu yari yatangijwe mu rwego rwo gukemura ikibazo cy’imiturire cyihutirwaga, ariko ikagenda ihinduka gahunda yagutse y’iterambere.
Yari igamije guhuza imiturire, imikoreshereze y’ubutaka, ubuhinzi, ibikorwaremezo n’imitangire ya serivisi. Icyakora, ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko mu bikorwa, kubaka amazu byagiye byihuta kurusha guhuza iyo gahunda n’ibibazo by’ubutaka, ubuhinzi n’indi mirimo y’ubukungu.
Ibi bituma abashakashatsi bayita “emergency development”, ni ukuvuga gahunda y’iterambere yavukiye mu gihe cy’ikibazo cyihutirwa, ariko ikagira ingaruka n’intego zirenga kure icyo kibazo cyari kigamijwe gukemura.
Uyu munsi, nyuma y’imyaka isaga 30, Imidugudu yamaze kuba igice cy’ingenzi cy’imiterere y’imiturire y’u Rwanda.
