Benshi mu rubyiruko rwo mu Rwanda bugarijwe n’ubushomeri buri ku kigero cyo hejuru, ibigira ingaruka ku iterambere kuko ari bo bafatwa nk’abafite imbaraga bakabaye bakoresha mu gukora no kwiteza imbere n’Igihugu.
Raporo y’ubushakashatsi bw’ikigo cy’ibarurishamibare mu Rwanda(NISR) y’umwaka ushize wa 2024 yerekanye ko urubyiruko basaga miliyoni hirya no hino mu Gihugu bugarijwe n’ubushomeri aho batari mu kazi cyangwa mu mashuri.
Ni ubushakashatsi ku bakora n’abashomeri mu Rwanda bw’Ikigo NISR, bwashyizwe ahagaragara mu ntangiriro za 2025, bwerekana ko mu rubyiruko ruri hagati imyaka 16 na 30 mu Rwanda rusaga miliyoni(1,045,248) batari mu kazi, mu ishuri cyangwa mu mahugurwa.
Ni mu gihe, mu Rwanda ibarura rusange ry’abaturage riheruka muri 2022 ryerakana ko 65% by’Abanyarwanda ari abafite imyaka iri munsi ya 30, ni ukuvuga ko ari abana n’urubyiruko.
MUHAZIYACU yaganiriye na bamwe mu rubyiruko rurimo abize n’abakiri ku ntebe y’ishuri, aho rumwe rugaragaza ko ubuzima bw’ubushomeri butoroshye, mu gihe hari n’abagaragaza icyo bumva gikwiye gukorwa.
Umwe muri urwo rubyiruko ni Niyonizeye Elsa, umukobwa w’imyaka 20 wo mu Karere ka Kayonza warangije amashuri yisumbuye mu byitwa LFK[Literature, French &Kinyarwanda] kuri ubu nta kazi afite, yagize ati: “Muri iki gihe ubushomeri mu rubyiruko ni ikibazo cyane, njyewe nize LFK kuva muri 2023 kugeza ubu ntabwo ndabona icyo nkora, mba ndi murugo mfasha ababyeyi imirimo. Leta ikwiye gushyira imbaraga mu guhangira imirimo urubyiruko.”
Ku rundi ruhande hari ubuhamya butangwa na bamwe mu bize cyangwa abakiga imyuga n’ubumenyingiro bemeza ko utapfa kuba umushomeri burundu, warize umwuga. Urugero ni urwa Tuyishimire Alexis, umusore w’imyaka 19 wiga gusudira muri TVET imwe yo mu Karere ka Ngoma, yagize ati “Ubu njyewe nzarangiza Segonderi umwaka utaha wa 2026, mbona kuba niga umwuga byaratangiye kungirira umumaro kuko no mu kiruhuko mbona ibiraka bimpa amafaranga make, nko gukora inzugi, hari ubwo njya muri Ateriye (atelier) nkasudira bakampa 5000Frw ku munsi, nubwo atari ibiraka biza buri munsi, ariko bimpa icyizere, niba mbibona ubu nkiri ku ntebe y’ishuri, nindangiza nzabasha kujya nkorera amafaranga bitangoye.”
Bamwe mu bafite mu nshingano kwita ku rubyiruko, basanga hari ikibazo cy’imyumvire haba ku rubyiruko n’ababyeyi gikwiye kwitabwaho kugira ngo ubushomeri bugabanuke ku buryo bufatika. Uwimana Aurelie, ni Umuhuzabikorwa w’inama y’Igihugu y’urubyiruko mu Karere ka Kirehe avuga ko ikibazo cy’imyumvire ku kwiga imyuga n’ubumenyingiro ari imbogamizi ku rubyiruko,
Yagize ati: “Hari ababyeyi bahita bubaka mu mwana ko niba yiga azakora akazi ko mu biro, hakaba n’akandi kazi bumva atakora, ku buryo hari n’ushobora kujya mu bushomeri akamara umwaka umwe, ibiri, itatu ashomereye kandi hari imirimo y’ubwubatsi, mu mirima, ariko urubyiruko rukumva ntirwajya kubyiga ngo rubikore; rukumva ari abatarize bagomba kujya muri ibyo.”
Uwimana asanga hakenewe ubukangurambaga mu guhindura imyumvire, urubyiruko rukumva ndetse rukitabira kwiga imyuga ishobora kuboneka hafi yabo, kuko ngo hari n’ushobora kurangiza kaminuza, cyangwa Segonderi akabura akazi k’ibyo yize; nyamara mu gihe ibyo yize hiyongereyeho umwuga nko gusuka, gukora amashanyarazi, kogosha, ubwubatsi; bishobora kumutunga akabaho neza mu gihe wenda yaba anategereje akazi k’ibyo yize.
Muri gahunda ya 2 y’Igihugu yo kwihutisha iterambere [NST2] yo kuva muri 2024-2029 harimo kuzamura ireme ry’uburezi mu mashuri y’imyuga n’ubumenyingiro(TVET) ndetse n’amashuri makuru rikajyana n’ibikenewe ku isoko ry’umurimo.
Amashuri y’imyuga n’ubumenyingiro (TVETs) abonwa nk’ igisubizo ku kibazo cy’ubushomeri
MUHAZIYACU yaganiriye na Mukankubito Rehema, Umuyobozi ushinzwe ireme ry’uburezi[Quality TVET Education Program Manager], mu Rwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe Tekiniki, Imyuga n’Ubumenyingiro [Rwanda TVET Board-RTB] maze abisobanura muri ubu buryo, Ati “Iyo ugiye kureba kuri rwa rubyiruko rugera hafi kuri Miliyoni, ukibaza ngo kuki batari mu ishuri, badafite akazi, urwo rubyiruko usanga imwe mu mpamvu yo kuba nta hantu na hamwe babarizwa harimo kuba ari uko nta bushobozi[Skills] bwo kuba yagira icyo abasha gukora afite; ariyo mpamvu ituma duhamya neza ko mu gihe cyose hazashyirwa imbaraga mu guha urubyiruko ubushobozi bw’ibikenewe ku isoko ry’umurimo kizaba igisubizo cyo kugira ngo dukemure ubushomeri.”
Ibyo ngo bizakorwa hagamijwe kongera umubare w’abanyeshuri biga mu mashuri y’imyuga n’ubumenyingiro ukagera kuri 60% by’abanyeshuri bose batangiye icyiciro ya 2 cy’amashuri yisumbuye.
Leta y’u Rwanda igaragaza ko ibigo byigisha imyuga n’ubumenyingiro (VTCs) mu buryo bwo kwigira ku murimo, ubu byamaze kugezwa mu rwego rwa buri murenge; kandi intego ikaba ari uko muri iyi myaka itanu bizongerwa bishyirwe muri buri kagari mu Gihugu hose.
Nk’uko bigaragazwa n’Ubuyobozi bwa Rwanda TVET Board, ubu[muri 2025] aho umuhigo wo gushyira muri buri karere ishuri ry’ikitegererezo mu bya tekinike ugeze, mu Gihugu hari ishuri rimwe ry’ikitegererezo rikora rya ‘Rwanda Coding Academy’, hakaba irindi shuri ryatangiye kubakwa hafi y’icyanya cy’inganda i Masoro mu Mujyi wa Kigali, n’andi mashuri agera muri 12 ngo ageze ku rwego rw’aho inyigo zo kuyubaka zamaze kurangira; ibisobanurwa nk’ibitanga icyizere cy’uko mu mwaka wa 2029 iyi ntego yo kuba ibyo bigo bizaba byarashyizwe muri buri karere kandi bikora mu gufasha urubyiruko izaba yagezweho.
Naho ngo kugeza ishuri ry’imyuga muri buri kagari, hari ahazifashwishwa gahunda ya ‘Igira ku murimo’ ku bufatanye n’abikorera. Aho Leta igirana amasezerano na ba rwiyemezamirimo bafite ubushobozi, imyuga ikenewe n’uburyo bwo kwigisha urubyiruko by’igihe gito, abarangije bagahabwa impamyabushobozi zemewe, bakajya ku isoko ry’umurimo nk’abandi.
Ni mu gihe imibare yo muri uyu mwaka wa 2025 igaragaza mu Rwanda habarurwa amashuri y’imyuga n’ubumenyingiro agera hafi kuri 600, yigwamo n’abanyeshuri barenga ibihumbi 120.
Hari abaturage bumva ko abajya kwiga imyuga ari abaswa
Nubwo Leta ishyize imbere amashuri y’imyuga n’ubumenyingiro, ndetse ifite intego yo kuyageza mu tugari twose bitarenze umwaka wa 2029, hari bamwe mu baturage bumva ko abana bajya kwiga imyuga nko gusudira, amashanyarazi, kubaka, kudoda, n’iyindi, ari baba batsinzwe mu yandi masomo asanzwe azwi nka za Siyanse; ku buryo kubajyana kwiga imyuga biba ari ukubagoragoza bya mbuze uko ngira.
Umubyeyi witwa Nyirahire Adeline utuye mu Murenge wa Mushikiri, mu Karere ka Kirehe yagize ati: “Umwana wanjye nifuza ko yakwiga akazagira aho yigeza. Niyiga bikamunanira, bigakomeza kwanga, numva nazamushakira nk’ishuri ry’imyuga, wenda akazaba umwubatsi cyangwa ikindi kintu, akaba yaba nk’umushoferi. Ariko bibaye byiza mu mutwe we hafunguye yaba Umuganga cyangwa akaba Gitifu.”
Icyakora hari n’abandi bumva ahubwo bishobotse umwana yakiga imyuga myinshi ishoboka, nk’uko undi witwa Nzafashwanimana Daniel na we wo mu Murenge wa Mushikiri, avuga ati: “Njye mba numva mfite ubushobozi umwana wanjye yakwiga imyuga yose, akaba yaba nk’Umwarimu, akaba umushoferi, mbese akiga utuntu twinshi ku buryo yaburira hamwe agakora ibindi.”
Kuri iyi myumvire itandukanye ku kwiga imyuga, mu kiganiro MUHAZIYACU yagiranye n’Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe Tekiniki, Imyuga n’Ubumenyingiro [Rwanda TVET Board-RTB] rugaragaza ko imyumvire y’uko uwiga imyuga ari uba yananiwe ibindi atari yo, nk’uko Mukankubito Rehema, Umuyobozi ushinzwe ireme ry’uburezi uri urwo rwego akomeza abisobanura, ati: “Hari ikibazo cy’imyumvire kandi kigomba guhangayikisha kikagira n’icyo gikorwaho, kubera ko niba hari abumva ko umuntu wiga imyuga agomba kuba nta kindi ashoboye, tukaba twicara mu nzu z’imiturirwa turi kubaka zubatswe n’umuntu [wize ubwubatsi] bamwe bumva ngo agomba kuza kubera kubura ahandi ajya, sinibaza umutekano twaba dufite twicaye muri izo nzu.”
Mukankubito akomeza asobanura ati : “Iyo myumvire ntabwo ari ko kuri! Umwuga aho uva ukagera ugira ubumenyi bw’ibanze umuntu agomba kugira kugira ngo awige, bisobanuye ko ntabwo uwiga imyuga ari uwabuze aho ajya, uwabuze icyo akora cyangwa uwo bita umuswa, oya! Ahubwo yakabaye ari we muhanga mbere y’abandi bose.”
Hari imbogamizi muri iyi gahunda ya Leta yo kwigisha imyuga
Mukamuyenzi Valentine, ni Umuyobozi w’Umuryango utari uwa Leta witwa SACCA [The Streets Ahead Children’s Centre Association] watangiye muri 2003 ufasha abana b’inzererezi kuva mu muhanda bakabasubiza mu mashuri, ibyaje no kuvamo ko muri 2020 ushinga ishuri ryigisha imyuga n’ubumenyingiro ryitwa ‘SACCA TVET Complex School’ mu Karere ka Kayonza; afite uburambe mu bijyanye n’imibereho y’urubyiruko.
Ishuri yashinze ryigisha imyuga irimo kudoda, gutunganya imisatsi n’ubwiza, kubaka, ubutetsi no gutegura amafunguro, no gukora ikawa, bitangwa mu gihe gito[Amezi 3-6-9] kandi abona ko byari bikenewe ku isoko ry’umurimo, aho kuva muri 2020 abamaze kuharangiza bagera 1,900 hejuru ya 96% bari mu kazi, kuko ngo babakurikirana.
Mukamuyenzi yemeza ko gahunda ya Leta yo gushyira imbaraga mu kwigisha urubyiruko imyuga, biri mu mujyo wo kurufasha kurwanya ubushomeri no kwihangira umurimo. Gusa avuga ko hari imbogamizi muri uru rugendo zigomba kwitabwaho.
Yagize ati “Ni urugendo, mbona RTB yakomeza gushyira imbaraga mu bijyanye n’integanyanyigisho, no gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryazo. Mbona ko ibibazo bigihari nk’ibikoresho bike muri za ‘Workshops’ aho abanyeshuri bigira bidahagije, cyane cyane ibyo bita ‘Consumables’ ibikoresho bishira, nko mu budozi ibitambaro bigiraho, nko guteka ibyo muhaha ngo bigireho guteka, no muri za Garaje baba bafite ibikoresho bishira;…”
Akomeza agira ati “Mbona hakwiye kubaho gukangurira ba rwiyemezamirimo kwakira abimenyereza umwuga benshi bakabafasha gukora akazi kuko nibo bahinduka abakozi babo b’ejo, kuko hari nk’aho bagera bakatwishyuza ngo twishyurire abo bana bagiye muri Sitaje. Harebwa uko byazahuzwa ayo mafaranga akavaho cyangwa akaba make cyane.”
Ahandi hakiri imbogamizi, Mukamuyenzi avuga ko hakwiye kwitabwaho cyane ngo ni kureba uburyo mu masomo y’imyuga n’ubumenyingiro hakongerwamo no kwigisha guhinduka mu mutwe no kubasha gukora ibyo bize hanze. Ndetse Leta igashyiraho uburyo bwo gukurikina ko abize imyuga bari kubona akazi, kuko usanga hakirimo ikibazo cyo kubahuza na ba rwiyemezamirimo.
Asubiza kuri zimwe muri izi mbogamizi, Mukankubito Rehema, Umuyobozi muri Rwanda TVET Board Ushinzwe ireme ry’uburezi, yagize ati: “Ni urugendo twatangiye, ntabwo twavuga ngo ibikoresho birahagije, kubera ko bishobora kuba bihagije uyu munsi ariko ejo bitagihagije kuko tekinoloji irahinduka umunsi ku wundi, ariko hari ibikorwa kugira ngo umunyeshuri yige kandi yige mu buryo bukwiriye. Nk’uburyo bwo kwigisha imyuga uyu munsi, ntabwo tukigira mu ishuri gusa kuva ku wa mbere kugera ku wa 5, ahubwo ubu turi gukorana n’abikorera.”
“Dufashe urugero nko mu gukanika amamodoka, niba uyu munsi hariho ama Hybrid, n’iziri Full Electric, ntabwo uko iyo tekinoloji yahindutse ariko tuzaba dufite ubushobozi bwo guhita duhindura ibyo bikoresho bigiraho mu mashuri, ahubwo dufatanya n’abikorera kugira ngo izo tekinoloji zaje ku isoko ry’umurimo n’umunyeshuri abashe kuzigiraho asohoke abasha kubikora.” Ni uko Mukankubito akomeza abisobanura.
Avuga kandi ko hari ibisaba ubushobozi, ku buryo Leta igenda ishyiramo ingengo y’imari ishoboka kugira ngo haboneke nibura iby’ibanze bishoboka ngo umwana abashe kwiga.
Abahanga bemeza ko iyo urubyiruko rwateye imbere mu gihugu bizamura ubukungu bwacyo mu buryo bufatika.
Icyegeranyo cyakozwe n’umuryango Global Citizen Solutions, gishyira Igihugu cya Singapore mu bihugu 10 bya mbere ku Isi bifite uburezi buhamye, ariko by’umwihariko iki gihugu kikaba ari intangarugero mu Isi mu guteza imbere amasomo y’imyuga n’ubumenyingiro.
Ni mu gihe ku mugabane w’Africa, Igihugu cy’Ibirwa bya Maurice ari cyo gifite umwihariko wo kugira urubyiruko rwinshi rwize.
Ubuyobozi bwa Rwanda TVET Board, bugaragaza ko ibyo bihugu byombi[Singapore n’Ibirwa bya Maurice] biri mu byo bafatiraho urugero muri uru rugendo n’u Rwanda rwatangiye rwo guteza imbere ubumenyingiro bikabonwa nk’ibizaca ubushomeri, hashingiwe ko ubu ibyo bihugu byatejwe imbere n’uko ba bantu bakora akazi kitwa ko ari ko bakesha amaramuko usanga aribo bake cyane, ahubwo usanga umubare munini w’abaturage b’ibyo bihugu abiganjemo urubyiruko bakora akazi k’Abatekinisiye.
U Rwanda rufite intego yo kuba Igihugu kihagije mu bukungu aho nibura muri 2050, buri Munyarwanda azaba yinjiza nibura Amadorari 1,200 mu mwaka, ibyo ntibyashoboka hatabayeho guhindura imyumvire n’imikorere, no gukora ku buryo bufatika; kandi bikajyana n’ubushobozi ahanini bushingiye ku myuga n’ubumenyingiro.
