Ibyorezo n’intambara ni ibibazo byakunze kuranga isi mu bihe bitandukanye, bigahitana ubuzima bwa benshi, bikanahungabanya ubw’abasigaye.
Gusa byagiye bisigira isi umurage n’amasomo bitandukanye, byagiye bihindura imibereho y’abantu, binatuma tubaho mu buzima turiho none.
Mu gihe bamwe bacyibaza igihe icyorezo cya COVID-19 kizarangirira ku isi, igihe kizabonerwa umuti n’urukingo, n’igihe bazasohokera mu ngo zabo, hari abahuze bari mu bushakashatsi, n’ibindi bikorwa bishya biba bizagirira akamaro abazaba mu isi nyuma y’aya mage.
Isi yaranzwe na byinshi kera byasize ingaruka ku mibereho, urugero twavuga nk’icyorezo cya kolera cyagaragaye hagati y’imyaka ya 1817-1823, cyatumye isuku yiyongera mu bantu, cyane cyane mu byo barya; gusa twifashishije inyandiko zitandukanye zizewe ziboneka kuri interineti, turababwira by’umwihariko ku kinyejana gishize, hagati ya 1900-1999, cyaranzwe n’intambara z’isi ebyiri, n’icyorezo kishe amamiliyoni y’abantu, n’ibindi.
Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi (1914-1918)
Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi yatangiye muri Nyakanga 1914, irangira mu Ugushyingo 1918, isiga amamiliyoni y’abantu apfuye, abasirikare n’abasivili. Nk’izindi ntambara zose, yasize ubumuga bw’umubiri no mu mumutwe kuri benshi.
Muri 1914 ubwo intambara yatangiraga, nta myaka yarengaga 11 yari ishize indege ya mbere igurukiye mu kirere, iri koranabuhanga ryari hake.
Nk’igihugu cy’Ubufaransa nticyari gifite indege zirenga 140 mu ntangiriro y’intambara, ariko intambara yagiye kurangira iki gihugu gikoresheje indege zirenga 4,500.
Ibyuka bihumanya amaso byakomje gukoreshwa, maze hahimbwa ibyo bambara mu mutwe (masks) kugirango birinde guhumanywa na byo.
Hahimbwe ubwoko butandukanye bw’intwaro. Ahagana muri 1916, nibwo burende ya mbere yagaragaye ku rugamba, ifasha abasirikare kugenda ahantu hagoye, no kurasa ibisasu bya rutura.
Ni mu Ntambara ya Mbere y’Isi kandi hatangiye uburyo bwo gutanga no kubika amaraso, kugira ngo inkomere ku rugamba zizajye zisanga hari amaraso zihita zihabwa.
Mbere y’iyi ntambara, abagore bafatwaga nk’abantu bo kuguma mu rugo bakora imirimo yaho, maze politiki n’intambara bigafatwa nk’ibireba abagabo gusa. Ariko kubera abagabo babaga bagiye mu ntambara, abagore nibo basigaye bakora imirimo inyuranye yakorwaga n’abagabo, harimo no gukora mu nganda, cyane cyane izikora ibikoresho byo mu ntambara, nkamasasu.
Ni na bwo bwa mbere abagore bambaye amapantaro kugira ngo babashe gukora akazi neza. Nyuma y’intambara, abagore bakomeje kwiyongera mu mirimo bataribamenyerewemo.
Ibicurane by’Abanya-Esipanye (Spanish flu, 1918-1920)
Muri Werurwe 1918, mu irangira ry’Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi, nibwo icyorezo cy’ibicurane cyitiriwe abanya-Esipanye (Spanish flu) cyayogoje Isi kugeza Werurwe 1920, abarenga miliyoni 50 barapfuye, ukaba ari umubare uruta uw’abaguye mu Ntambara ya Mbere y’Isi (hagati ya miliyoni 15-19).
Yibasiraga mu buryo butandukanye, cyane cyane abato n’abashaje, ikongera igashegesha abafite hagati y’imyaka 20 na 40. Yibasiraga abagabo kurusha abagore, ariko nanone ikazengereza abagore batwite.
Kubera icyorezo cya 1918, ibihugu byinshi nibwo byahaye agaciro za minisiteri zishinzwe ubuzima, hari n’ibyazishinze muri ibyo bihe. Ubundi benshi ntibagenaga ingengo y’imari ihagije yo kwita ku buzima.
Nyuma y’iki cyorezo kandi nibwo ibihugu byinshi byatangije gahunda rusange y’ubwishingizi mu kwivuza, gahunda wagereranya na mituweri mu Rwanda.
Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi (1939-1945)
Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi yatumye ibihugu byiyegeranya bishinga Umuryango w’Abibumbye (UN), ndetse n’umuryango mpuzamahanga uwushamikiyeho ushinzwe ubuzima (WHO), imiryango tuzi uyu munsi ifatiye runini iyi si.
Umuti witwa penicillin uzwi na bose, wavumbuwe muri 1928 n’uwitwa Alexander Fleming, wari umusirikare w’umuganga mu Ntambara ya Mbere y’Isi, nyuma yo kubona nta buryo buhamye buhari bwo kuvura abasirikare bakomerekeye ku rugamba. Penicillin yarifashishijwe cyane mu kuvura inkomere mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi.
Amateka ya mudasobwa dukoresha none agira aho ahurira n’imashini yitwaga “Colossus”, imashini yakozwe n’Abongereza mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi yakoraga nka mudasobwa. Iyi mashini yafashaga ibihugu byari bihanganye n’Ubudage “Allies” kumenya amakuru menshi ahanitse y’ubutasi Abadage bahanahanaga, ibi biri mu byanafashije ibi bihugu gutsinda abadage.
Igikoresho cya “Super Glue” cyahimbwe mu mwaka wa 1942, cyakoreshwaga ku mbunda, mu myaka yakurikiyeho cyaje kugera hose kikifashishwa mu gufatanya ibintu. Ni na ho hatangiye gukoreshwa impapuro zifatanya ibintu bitandukanye (duct tape), twakita nka “papier collant” itinjirwamo n’amazi.
Nyuma y’ubwicanyi n’ubugome bwaranze abadage mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi, ubwo bakoreraga Jenoside Abayahudi ndetse bakajya banabakoreraho ubushakashatsi bw’imiti ku gahato, amahame y’abaganga yiswe Nuremberg Code yarasohotse muri 1947, maze aza kuvugururwa muri 1948, yitwa Declaration of Geneva, arimo indahiro y’abaganga ivuga ko umuganga azakoresha ubumenyi afite mu gukiza umurwayi aho kumwangiriza ubuzima ku bushake.
Mu mwaka wa 1964, aya mahame y’abaganga yavuguruwemo icyiswe Declaration of Helsinki, avuga ko nta muntu ugomba gukorerwaho ubushakashatsi bw’umuti cyangwa kugeragerezwaho urukingo atabimenyeshejwe ndetse atanabyemeye.
Intambara y’Ubutita (1947-1991)
Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi, nibwo hatangiye intambara y’ubutita hagati y’Uburusiya na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yarangiye mu myaka ya za 1990.
Ubuvumbuzi mu ikoranabuhanga bwariyongereye kubera ihangana ry’ibi bihugu bibiri by’ibihangange, kimwe cyabaga gishaka guhiga ubutwari ikindi; ikoranabuhanga bagezeho ahanini ryari rigamije ubutasi, ariko ryaje no kugirira akamaro isi.
Muri 1957 nibwo Uburusiya bwohereje icyogajuru bwa mbere mu kirere, bagiha izina rya Sputnik 1, kuva ubwo nibwo Leta ya Amerika yagize igitutu cyo gushora amafaranga menshi cyane mu bumenyi bw’ikirere no gushaka uko bajya mu isanzure nabo.
Abanyamerika nabo babashije kubigeraho muri 1969, Neil Armstrong n’ikipe yari ayoboye kuri Misiyo Apollo 11 babaye abantu ba mbere bakandagiye mu kwezi. Kuva ubwo ibyogajuru byabaye ikintu gisanzwe. Iri koranabuhanga ryafashije iterambere ry’ubumenyi bw’isi, n’itangazamakuru rya za televiziyo na radiyo, ndetse n’itumanaho.
Ariko Abanyamerika bakomerejeho n’irindi koranabuhanga kugeza aho bavumbuye interineti muri 1983, n’irindi koranabuhanga dukoresha cyane uyu munsi, harimo mudasobwa itungwa n’umuntu ku giti cye, telefoni ngendanwa, n’ibindi.
Ishoramari rya leta ya Amerika mu ikoranabuhanga muri biriya bihe kandi niryo ryagize uruhare mu muvuduko wo kuvumbura ibintu bitandukanye, ari na ho hagaragariye abahanga nka Bill Gates wataye amasomo yarimo muri kaminuza ya Havard akajya kuvumbura bimwe mu bice by’ibanze muri mudasobwa, ikigo cye cyatangiye muri 1975 kitwa Microsoft.
COVID-19 izahindura ubuzima ite?
Kwambara agapfukamunwa byabaye ibintu bisanzwe bwa mbere muri Hong-Kong muri 2003, ubwo hateraga icyorezo gifata nk’ibicurane cyiswe SARS, gusa ubu COVID-19 yageze mu bihugu byose, nta kabuza agapfukamunwa kabaye ikintu gisanzwe hose, mu rwego rwo kwirinda kwanduza abandi indwara iyo ariyo yose.
Mu mibanire, COVID-19 ishobora guhungabanya uburyo abantu basabanamo, indamukanyo, gusurana, ndetse n’ibirori byitabirwa n’abantu benshi, abantu bashobora kuzajya babigendamo gake.
Kugeza ubu icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyamaze kugaragaza ko hari byinshi abantu bashobora gukorera mu rugo batiriwe bafata urugendo rujya mu biro, bigaragara ko benshi bazahitamo kuzajya bakorera imirimo yabo mu ngo.
Ndetse n’igihe abantu bazajya bubaka inzu zo kubamo, ntiwashidikanya ko batazajya bibagirwa ibyumba byo gukoreramo akazi ubundi kasabaga gufata ingendo ndende, ibiro byo mu rugo bizaba nk’itegeko.
Kandi kizanatuma abantu babona agaciro ko kwishakamo ibisubizo no guteza imbere ibikorerwa imbere mu gihugu, aho kwiringira ibituruka mu mahanga. Ibituruka mu mahanga bizarushaho gufatwa nk’inkoni ya kure itakwica inzoka.
Ntawaca ku ruhande kandi ko ibihugu bimwe by’ibihangange bizarushaho kugira imbaraga ibindi bikaba byasubira inyuma, cyangwa hakaboneka ibindi binyembaraga bishya.
Mu rwego rwo gukoresha abakozi bake kandi hashobora kwiyongera ikoreshwa ry’amamashini mu nganda (robots), ndetse n’imodoka n’indege zitwara (drones) mu gukora imirimo imwe n’imwe.
Icyamaze kugaragara kandi ni uko ubucuruzi nabwo buzahindura imikorere, ibyinshi bikaba byarushaho gukorerwa kuri interineti.
Uwabeshya ni uwavuga ko ibibazo bizashira ku Isi, ariko nta kabuza, mu gihe gikwiye, umuntu afite ubushobozi bwo kwishakamo igisubizo cy’ikibazo kimwugarije, ndetse no gushaka uburyo bwose bushoboka yakorohereza ubuzima bwe, n’abataravuka bakazabigiramo inyungu.
